28. Isolation and Molecular Characterization of Antibiotic Producing Epub 2006 Aug 25. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens is a ubiquitous soil and plant-associated bacterial species which shows structural and adaptative responses to the environment. (Bryan MacDonald, Christopher Adams, and Kyle Smith, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT), Figure 37: Streptomyces albus morphology (Enlarged view). B. subtilis contains only one double-stranded DNA molecule contained within a circular chromosome. Bacillus licheniformis is a bacterium that is commonly found in soil and bird feathers. (Richard A. Robison, Gable Moffitt, Neal Thomson, and Marissa Cohen, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT), Figure 45: Streptomyces albus morphology (Enlarged view). Cotyledonary necrosis and suppurative inflammation occur with fetal infection resulting from fetal bacteremia or ingestion of contaminated amniotic fluid. (Bobbi Pritt, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN), Figure 10: Streptococcus pneumoniae morphology (Enlarged view). Bacillus licheniformis is a Gram positive spore-forming bacterial species of high biotechnological interest with numerous present and potential uses, including the production of bioactive compounds that are applied in a wide range of fields, such as aquaculture, agriculture, food, biomedicine, and pharmaceutical industries. Cross-links between peptide chains create a crystal-lattice like structure [6]. 57. of biosurfactants . Isolation and characterization of a Bacillus licheniformis strain Previous studies had found that B. licheniformis could produce a variety of biologically active substances, such as digestive enzymes, lysozyme, bacteriocin, and antibacterial peptides, which promote animal performance by improving feed digestibility, stimulating the development of immune system, enhancing intestinal mucosal barrier function, B. subtilis uses encompass research and partially-proven inclusion in dietary supplements. Image 6: The image shows the consistency and texture of bacteria. (Richard A. Robison, Gable Moffitt, Neal Thomson, and Marissa Cohen, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT), Figure 21: Unknown isolate morphology (Enlarged view). The compound 2-phenylethanol (2-PE) is a bulk flavor and fragrance with a rose-like aroma that can be produced by microbial cell factories, but its cellular toxicity inhibits cellular growth and limits strain performance. Bacillus are a genus of Gram-positive bacteria used as probiotics for animal and human consumption. For which exoenzyme does this test? (Richard A. Robison, Gable Moffitt, Neal Thomson, and Marissa Cohen, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT) Figure 21: Unknown isolate morphology (Enlarged view). 58.An unknown airborne environmental isolate on Mueller-Hinton agar exhibiting a single circular colony growing on the edge of the plate. It is found on bird feathers, especially chest and back plumage, and most often in ground-dwelling birds (like sparrows) and aquatic species (like ducks ). [11], Subtilisin Carlsberg, a serine protease secreted by B. licheniformis, is used in laundry detergent formulations due to its ability to perform at high pH levels (optimal activity is between 8.0 and 10.0) and high temperatures (40-50 Celsius). The rod shape also helps bacteria glide or move through watery environments and provides regular building block shapes that make biofilm formation easier. Cooked meats, raw milk, vegetables, and processed baby foods are also at risk. Colony morphology is a way of identifying bacteria. 1. This page was last edited on 22 April 2011, at 19:15. B. cereus food poisoning may occur when foods are prepared . SC-1. Laboratories use B. subtilis when studying and finding new treatments for infection. ducks) are common carriers of this bacterium; it is mostly found around the bird's chest area and back plumage. 49. FIG. However, the most interesting of this bacterias potential uses is as an antimicrobial drug alternative. [12] Amylases are also synthesized by B. licheniformis and used for industrial purposes. FIG. Tratat de Microbiologie Clinica, Editura Medicala, Bucuresti. Birds that tend to stay on the ground more than the air (i.e. 1999 October; 65(10): 46374645. FIG. From MicrobeWiki, the student-edited microbiology resource, Cell Structure, Metabolism and Life Cycle, Manufacture of Enzymes, Chemicals, Antibiotics. This sample was grown at 4C for one month. Required fields are marked *. Privacy Policy sets forth the information we collect about you, how we use Consistency/texture The texture and consistency of the organism can be described as: Image 7: The different shapes of bacteria and the corresponding bacteria species. Partial isolate of an unknown organism on trypticase soy agar exhibiting spreading and mounding in an irregular-rhizoid form with lobate margins. FIG. Weakly irregular form. has also been associated with septicaemia, peritonitis, ophthalmitis and food poisoning in humans, as well as with. Bacillus thuringiensis cultivated on 5% sheep blood agar. Scientists are currently exploring its ability to degrade feathers for agricultural purposes. It was found in the fetal stomach contents showing it was able to enter the bloodstream of the adult and cross the placenta to a bovine fetus. "Complete genome sequence of the industrial bacterium Bacillus licheniformis and comparisons with closely related Bacillus species." Genome Biol. Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus pumilus are some of the strains that are associated with food spoilage and with a wide range of different clinical conditions (Turnbull, 1997). Page authored by Clarissa Alejandro and Erin Collins, students of Prof. Kristine Hollingsworth at Austin Community College. Circular form, umbonate elevation. [6] Colonies tend to be cream-colored, but will turn red in the presence of iron in media, most likely as a result of pulcherrimin. Combination of genetic tools to discern Bacillus species isolated from Bacillus licheniformis 16S rDNA [1] [5]. In Gram-positive bacteria strains the peptidoglycan in the cell wall becomes purplish blue when stained by crystal violet. (Bryan MacDonald, Christopher Adams, andKyle Smith, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT), Figure 22: Bacillus anthracis morphology (Enlarged view). Epub 2004 Sep 13. 36. Color ranges from opaque to white. The Research/Technology Invention Award 2006 was given to members of the BiotechGenoMik project on B. licheniformis; they invented a system for controlling industrial fermentation, which they named BioChip. Diagnosis was performed according to Gram stain, motility, shape forming, aerobic condition and other tests. Pulvinate elevation. This protease prevents shrinkage and fading colors since it allows lower temperatures to be used, which in turn lowers energy use as well. when cultured together.Bacillus pumilus: colonies on agar smooth and slightly yellowish; can not grow anaerobically; can not hydrolyze starch; can not reduce nitrate. | Privacy Policy, Terms of Use and State Disclosures. A significant difference in pressure across the cytoplasmic membrane pushes the cell wall into a specific shape. Then, using confocal microscopy, we localized the GFP-tagged strain within plant tissues of inoculated grapevine Glera cuttings. 2. Isolation of Low-Molecular-Weight Fragments from the Soluble Mucopeptide. Biochemical Journal 106.1 1968. Catalase-positive. Colony Morphology. (Bryan MacDonald, Christopher Adams, and Kyle Smith, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT), Figure 19: Mycobacterium marinum morphology (Enlarged view). It is spore-forming under harsh conditions and closely related to the widely studied B. subtilis. This reaction also occurs in Gram-negative bacteria; however, the significantly lower levels of peptidoglycan mean that cell samples do not remain purple when a pink counter-stain (safranin) is added. 5. Corynebacterium xerosis cultivated on trypticase soy agar. Bacillus pumilus - SlideShare This fungicide can be used on lawns, conifers, tree seedlings, ornamental turf and ornamental plants in outdoor, greenhouse, and nursery sites. Biology Dictionary. Circular form, entire margin. Two of the species used as probiotics are B. licheniformis and B. subtilis. FIG. Various organisms can grow on solid media. 1965 February; 89(2): 415420. Bacitracin is composed of a mixture of the cyclic polypeptides that B. licheniformis produces; ironically the purpose of Bacitracin is to inhibit the growth of B. licheniformis. Note the rough and dry texture characteristic of this organism's growth. (3), The chromosome of B. licheniformis has large regions that are similar to Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus halodurans. [13][14], B. licheniformis is used as a probiotic in animal feed, where isolates have been shown to prevent disease and promote growth as well as being commercially available. (4) Ramnani P, Singh R & Gupta R (2005) Keratinolytic potential of Bacillus licheniformis RG1: structural and biochemical mechanism of feather degradation. These bacteria are commonly known to cause food poisoning and food spoilage. The isolated colonies were counted and the number of bacteria expressed as Log of Colony Forming Unit (CFU)/g of CSS. The plasmid system according to claim 1, which enables a Bacillus strain to fluoresce after the plasmid has . Shape A bacterial colony can manifest in various shapes which include but not limited to the following: Spiral Bacteria that are twisted or helical in shape which looks like little corkscrews. Bacillus subtilis bacteriocins can affect a much wider range of potentially pathogenic bacteria than the bacteriocins of other, more commonly-used bacteria such as Lactobacillus. (Bobbi Pritt, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN), Figure 11: Unknown isolate morphology (Enlarged view). Note the rough texture of colonies characteristic of this organism. 31. Bacteria grow as colonies on solid media. Where is Bacillus species found? Bacillus licheniformis is a common cause. 35. American Society for Microbiology ("ASM") is committed to maintaining your B. licheniformis and L. bulgaricus, increased the ileal digestibility of amino acids, protein, and starch and the total tract digestibility of DM and OM. (Richard A. Robison, Gable Moffitt, Neal Thomson, and Marissa Cohen, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT), Figure 8: Streptococcus pneumoniae morphology (Enlarged view). Positive results for arginine dihydrolase, hydrolysis of esculin, beta-galactosidase. Bacillus licheniformis cultivated on 5% sheep blood agar. Bacillus subtilis PspoIIA-gfp viewed at low magnification. (Richard A. Robison, Gable Moffitt, Neal Thomson, and Marissa Cohen, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT), Figure 15: Nocardia asteroides morphology (Enlarged view). 20. The culture was grown on trypticase soy agar (TSA) and incubated for 72 hours at 37oC. Bacillus - Logan - Major Reference Works - Wiley Online Library Bacillus licheniformis - AdvancedAg "Bacillus Subtilis. sparrows)and on the water (i.e. Its use as an expression vector for the production of enzymes and . Spores occur in soil, on bird feathers and in ground dwelling birds and aquatic species; comprise the subtilis group, which has been associated with food-borne gastro-enteritis. Mycobacterium smegmatis cultivated on trypticase soy agar. Lancaster (PA), DEStech Publications. 3. The toxins produced by B. licheniformis can cause damage to cell membranes, deplete cellular ATP, and cause the acrosome to swell; it is not found to have any damaging effects on the mitochondria. Biocontrol traits of Bacillus licheniformis GL174, a culturable Isolated from soil, water, feces, urine, blood, sputum,wounds, pleural fluid, nematodes, and insects. Wilkinson, T. (4 July 4 2012). Reports about Bacillus licheniformis having detrimental effects on insect, avian, plant, and estuarine marine species are fortunately almost non-existent. (6) Veith, B., Herzberg, C., Steckel, S., Feesche, J., Maurer, K. H., Ehrenreich, P., Bumer, S., Henne, A., Liesegang, H., Merkl, R., Ehrenreich, A., Gottschalk, G. (2004) The complete genome sequence of Bacillus licheniformis DSM13, an organism with great industrial potential. (Tasha Sturm and Marina Sturm, Cabrillo College, Aptos, CA), Figure 55: Isolation of an Unknown Bacterium on Trypticase Soy Agar. B. licheniformis lives in the barbules, or terminal branches of the barbs of a bird feather. There are increased concerns regarding microbial contaminations, from such bacteria as E. coli and B. licheniformis, when it comes to food processing. Bacillus globigii at 37. Under good conditions, the spores will germinate and produce vegetative cells. [6][10] There is evidence that red feathers, with psittacofulvin, are more resistant to degradation. Food poisoning can cause cramping, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, and fatalities by B. licheniformis toxins, though rare, have been reported. Its optimal growth temperature is 50C, but it can also survive at much higher temperatures. IDENTIFICATION AND TAXONOMY A. Overview Bacillus licheniformis is a ubiquitous bacterium thought to be of importance in the environment as a contributor to nutrient Colony Morphology of Various Bacteria - Laboratoryinfo.com Streak plate isolation of Mycobacterium smegmatis on trypticase soy agar (TSA) incubated for 96 hours at 37oC. It can even go as far as causing abortions in pregnancies and impair sperm motility. The Molecular Biology of the Bacilli. The optimal temperature for enzyme secretion is 37C. An arrangement might be two (diplo) bacteria, chains (strepto), or palisades (side-to-side clusters), for example. On agar media: colonies become opaque with dull to rough surface, hair-like Endospores allow the organism to survive in a variety of harsh environments (high salt concentrations, for example) until conditions are more favorable, when it returns to a vegetative state. 53. 1999 October; 65(10): 46374645. (Bryan MacDonald, Christopher Adams, and Kyle Smith, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT), Figure 30: Bacillus licheniformis morphology (Enlarged view). Processes | Free Full-Text | Phenol Degradation Performance in Batch [20], Below is a list of differential techniques and results that can help to identify Bacillus licheniformis from other bacteria and Bacillus species.[27]. FIG. Picture Source: eurekabrewing.files.wordpress.com. B. licheniformis is a Gram-positive, rod-shaped, aerobic, endospore-forming organism, which forms colonies of a moderate (2-4 mm) diameter, exceptionally variable in their appearance and often. Bacillus firmus - ku The majority of isolates fell into the Bacillus Bergey's Group A together with Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis. (Remco Kort, TNO, Netherlands), Figure 26: Bacillus subtilis morphology (Enlarged view). 38. Independent.ie. The symptoms include stomach pains, (acute) diarrhea, and possible vomiting. B. licheniformis is also known to cause food poisoning in humans; especially high in contamination rates are products such as raw milk, dairy, vegetables, processed baby foods, and cooked meats. Streak plate isolation of Serratia marcescens on trypticase soy agar (TSA) incubated at 37oC for 24 hours then at room temperature for 24 hours to allow for temperature-sensitive pigment production. Food borne outbreaks usually involve cases of cooked meats and vegetables, raw milk, and industrially produced baby food contaminated with B. licheniformis. Results of studies show that the ohmic heating has a quicker death kinetic rate, meaning shorter and less aggressive treatments can be used to kill off B. licheniformis. ZBP10 inorder to increase amylase production using submerged fermentation. It is particularly effective against Enterococcus faecalis, Enterobacter aerogenes, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Shigella sonnei. Bacillus megaterium at 37. Bacillus Subtilis. Currently there are many electrical techniques for food processing, one such example is Ohmic heating. Streak plate isolation of a mixed broth culture showing colonial morphology of Escherichia coli (white colonies) and Micrococcus luteus (yellow colonies). In the laboratory, naturally-occurring B. subtilis enzymes were able to normalize pH, reduce COD by over 87%, lower TSS by over 90%, and remove nearly 50% of chloride. It also exhibits some hemolytic activity and is salt tolerant. It has a cell wall that is made of a complex. Bacillus megaterium articles - Encyclopedia of Life 7. You can see Bacillus subtilis listed on the label of many probiotics, too. 30. This bacterium can survive harsh environments by turning into spore-form; when conditions are good, it will turn back into a vegetative state. The strain was identified as Bacillus licheniformis GL174 and its endophytic attitude was validated by plating surface-sterilized inoculated cuttings. FIG. (4). (Bryan MacDonald, Christopher Adams, and Kyle Smith, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT), Figure 7: Serratia marcescens morphology (Enlarged view). Circular form. Image 8:The image shows the arrangement of cells, specifically coccus/cocci. Retrieved from https://biologydictionary.net/bacillus-subtilis/. microbial colonies that showed mucus morphology were streaked on TSA plates to obtain pure cultures. (PDF) Colony Morphology | Psilocybe Spp. - Academia.edu FIG. Streptomyces albus cultivated on nutrient agar. Circular form, convex elevation, entire margin. 7(4):204-211. ducks) are common carriers of this bacterium; it is mostly found around the bird's chest area and back plumage. There is also research about the possibility that B. licheniformis causes changes in color in birds' feathers; this will provide information on the evolution of molting. The sample was obtained from a floor and incubated at 37C for 48 hours. FIG. Mature colonies of Nocardia asteroides cultivated on trypticase soy agar. (Remco Kort, TNO, Netherlands), Figure 27: Bacillus subtilis morphology (Enlarged view). . (Bryan MacDonald, Christopher Adams, and Kyle Smith, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT), Figure 24: Bacillus subtilis morphology (Enlarged view). (4, 6, 7, and 8). could help reduce the prevalence of dental caries. FIG. (3). [2] Subtilisin Carlsberg (P00780) secreted by B. licheniformis is used as a detergent protease. Colony Characteristics. Isolation of Low-Molecular-Weight Fragments from the Soluble Mucopeptide. Biochemical Journal 106.1 1968. It is believed that this bacterium is involved in the evolution of molting and patterns of color in birds due to its feather degrading capability. Some toxins produced by B. licheniformis have been shown to cause food poisoning in humans. Bacillus subtilis is a Gram-positive, rod-shaped bacterium that is the type species of the genus Bacillus, commonly used as a model organism to describe the structure of different species of the genus. Since about 80% of the coding sequence of B. licheniformis contain B. subtilis orthologs, it is considered part of the subtilis group. Unknown isolate cultivated on trypticase soy agar. (Bryan MacDonald, Christopher Adams, and Kyle Smith, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT), Figure 40: Unknown isolate morphology (Enlarged view). Color is whitish and may become brown. The inhibitory effect of Ukrainian honey on probiotic bacteria 4. It is also resistant to some commonly used antibiotics, including oxacillin and nafcillin. Bacillus subtilis morphology describes rod-shaped, Gram-positive bacteria that show up on both positive and negative Gram stain techniques. Generally, most bacilli are predominantly aerobic; however, B. licheniformis is a facultative anaerobe compared to . Bacterial Colony | Morphology, Characteristics & Examples - Study.com (4) Salkinoja-Salonen S., Vuorio R., Andersson M.A., Kmpfer P., Andersson M.C., Honkanen-Buzalski T., and Scoging A.C. Toxigenic Strains of Bacillus licheniformis Related to Food Poisoning.Appl Environ Microbiol. Serratia marcescens cultivated on Columbia agar. 1. This text tells us that up to 5% of the B. subtilis genome is dedicated to the production of antimicrobial compounds (AMCs). Iron-oxidizing Thiomonas-like bacteria isolated from mine waters. Bacillus licheniformis is a bacterium commonly found in the soil. Colonial. Addition of this enzyme to toothpastes, mouthwash, etc. Circular form, convex elevation, entire margin. Four case reports]", "Recurrent sepsis due to Bacillus licheniformis", "Bacillus licheniformis Bacteremia: Five Cases Associated with Indwelling Central Venous Catheters", "Genotyping of dairy Bacillus licheniformis isolates by high resolution melt analysis of multiple variable number tandem repeat loci", "Genetic diversity and involvement in bread spoilage of Bacillus strains isolated from flour and ropy bread", Isolation, Identification, and Characterization of a Feather Degrading Bacteria, Williams et al., 1990, Bacterial Degradation of Black and White Feathers, Goldstein et al., 2003, Complete genome of Bacillus licheniformis ATCC14580 - publication, Microbial nanotechnologists, August 1, 2009, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bacillus_licheniformis&oldid=1117931781, Articles needing additional references from January 2012, All articles needing additional references, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 24 October 2022, at 09:04. Circular form, entire margin. Circular form, entire margin. . ( 1974) . -Amylase from Bacillus licheniformis , lipase from porcine pancreas, proteinase from Tritirachium album, -chymotrypsin from porcine pancreas . Bacillus (Latin "stick") is a genus of Gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria, a member of the phylum Bacillota, with 266 named species.The term is also used to describe the shape (rod) of other so-shaped bacteria; and the plural Bacilli is the name of the class of bacteria to which this genus belongs. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); 2022 LaboratoryInfo.com. Growth temperature from 15 C to 50-55 C. Whitman. FIG. Image 13: A colony morphology of bacteria on MacConkey agar. Streptomyces albus cultivated on nutrient agar. Another use of B. subtilis is in wastewater treatment. A dry, dull, matte surface appears toward the outer edge of one end of the colony. Bacillus licheniformis is a bacterium that is commonly found in soil and bird feathers. morphology is variable, and may give the appearance of a mixed culture. II. The genus Bacillus covered a great diversity of strains and some of them are strictly aerobic, while others are facultative anaerobic. : #22892] Colony size: 5 - 8 mm: Information on culture and growth conditions Culture and growth conditions; Temperatures . But, although similar to B. subtilis, they differ in the amount and location of prophages, transposable elements, extracellular enzymes, and secondary metabolic pathway operons. Gram-positive, straight or slightly curved rods, 1.5-3.0 x 0.6-0.8 m in diameter, Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic. 33. It is also often found on feathers of ground-dwelling and aquatic species of birds. Biotechnological applications of Bacillus licheniformis It has a variety of uses including commercial processes. It can cause ophthalmitis, which is the inflammation of the eye. 27. Gordon R.E., Haynes W.C., Pang C.H. (6)Hughes, R. C. The Cell Wall of Bacillus Licheniformis N.C.T.C. MACROSCOPIC APPEARANCE Typical Bacillus spp. FIG. (2020, July 17). 50. Bacillus licheniformis is a hardy probiotic which is commonly combined with other Bacillus bacteria for optimal probiotic effects. Colony morphology of B. licheniformis isolates. NP isolate from PL (4) Salkinoja-Salonen S., Vuorio R., Andersson M.A., Kmpfer P., Andersson M.C., Honkanen-Buzalski T., and Scoging A.C. (6) Veith, B., Herzberg, C., Steckel, S., Feesche, J., Maurer, K. H., Ehrenreich, P., Bumer, S., Henne, A., Liesegang, H., Merkl, R., Ehrenreich, A., Gottschalk, G. (2004). Irregular form, undulate margin. Bacteriocins can withstand broad fluctuations in temperature and slow the growth of or even destroy colonies of other types of bacteria. (Bryan MacDonald, Christopher Adams, and Kyle Smith, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT), Figure 44: Bacillus licheniformis morphology (Enlarged view). Weakly umbonate elevation. Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus subtilis are closely related species . 46. FIG. (1) Rey M.W., Ramaiya P., Nelson B.A., Brody-Karpin S.D., Zaretsky E.J., Tang M., Lopez de Leon A., Xiang H., Gusti V., Clausen I.G., Olsen P.B., Rasmussen M.D., Andersen J.T., Jorgensen P.L., Larsen T.S., Sorokin A., Bolotin A., Lapidus A., Galleron N., Ehrlich S.D., Berka R.M. Mucoid strain of Streptococcus pneumoniae cultivated on sheep blood agar. The Gram stain, named after its developer Hans Christian Gram, is a method of morphologic identification. This present paper explores the ability. Description of the Genus - Bacillus - Hardy Diagnostics 427, U.S.D.A., Washington D.C. Buchanan R.E., Gibbons N.E., Cowan S.T., Holt J.G., Liston J., Murray R.G.E., Niven C.F., Ravin A.W., Stanier R.W. Morphology of Bacillus subtilis. Subtilin tends to work more effectively against Gram-negative bacteria and fungi. It is also often found on feathers of ground-dwelling and aquatic species of birds. Streak plate isolation showing colonial morphology of Bacillus cereus on trypticase soy agar (TSA) incubated for 24 hours at 37oC. Colonies have a sticky consistency when manipulated with a loop. : #22892] Gram stain: positive [Ref. FIG. Strain BDBP 071 was successively identified by colony morphology, Gram staining, cell morphology, physio-biochemical tests, and 16S rRNA sequence analysis. Further analysis of the same strains by deoxyribonucleic acid-deoxyribonucleic acid hybridization and API . Researchers culture and isolate this protease to add it into detergents. FIG. I realize that the strains causing these problems were wild strains, not strains studied to be probiotics. [20][26] There is evidence that contamination may be a result of a toxin. (4). They are often beta-hemolytic. Bacillus licheniformis was isolated from soil of different house gardens. 19. Kurthia sp. (1973) The genus Bacillus . Note the lemon-yellow colonies characteristic of this organism. FIG. Animals 10 01863 v2Probiotics (Direct-Fed Microbials) in - Studocu What is a colony? Convex elevation. Identify the organism by its colony morphology. Morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics of these strains were studied by optimizing their growth conditions such as pH, NaCl and temperature. The American Society for Microbiology (2) Salkinoja-Salonen S., Vuorio R., Andersson M.A., Kmpfer P., Andersson M.C., Honkanen-Buzalski T., and Scoging A.C. Toxigenic Strains of Bacillus licheniformis Related to Food Poisoning.Appl Environ Microbiol.